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(describing hierarchy)

  • 1 authority

    noun
    1) no pl. (power) Autorität, die; (delegated power) Befugnis, die

    have the/no authority to do something — berechtigt od. befugt/nicht befugt sein, etwas zu tun

    have/exercise authority over somebody — Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    on one's own authority — in eigener Verantwortung

    [be] in authority — verantwortlich [sein]

    2) (body having power)

    the authorities — die Behörde[n]

    3) (expert, book, quotation) Autorität, die

    have it on the authority of somebody/something that... — durch jemanden/etwas wissen, dass...

    have it on good authority that... — aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen, dass...

    4) no pl.

    give or add authority to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Gewicht verleihen

    5) no pl. (masterfulness) Souveränität, die
    * * *
    [o:'Ɵorəti]
    plural - authorities; noun
    1) (the power or right to do something: He gave me authority to act on his behalf.) die Befugnis; die Vollmacht
    2) (a person who is an expert, or a book that can be referred to, on a particular subject: He is an authority on Roman history.) die Autorität
    3) ((usually in plural) the person or people who have power in an administration etc: The authorities would not allow public meetings.) die Obrigkeit
    4) (a natural quality in a person which makes him able to control and influence people: a man of authority.) die Autorität
    •
    - academic.ru/4474/authoritarian">authoritarian
    - authoritative
    * * *
    author·ity
    [ɔ:ˈθɒrəti, AM əˈθɔ:rət̬i]
    n
    1. no pl (right of control) Autorität f; ADMIN Amtsgewalt f, Weisungsbefugnis f; MIL Befehlsgewalt f
    parental \authority elterliche Autorität; LAW elterliche Gewalt fachspr
    to be in \authority verantwortlich [o zuständig sein] sein
    we need to get the support of someone in \authority wir brauchen die Unterstützung eines Verantwortlichen
    person in \authority Verantwortliche(r) f(m)
    who is [the person] in \authority here? wer ist hier verantwortlich [o zuständig]?
    to be in [or have] \authority over sb (empowered to give orders) jdm gegenüber weisungsbefugt sein; (be above in hierarchy) jdm übergeordnet sein
    to be under sb's \authority (be answerable to) jdm gegenüber verantwortlich sein; (be below in hierarchy) jdm unterstehen
    to exercise [or exert] [or use] \authority Autorität ausüben
    to exercise [or exert] [or use] one's \authority over sb jdm gegenüber seine Autorität geltend machen
    2. no pl (permission) Befugnis f; (to act on sb's behalf) Vollmacht f
    \authority to purchase ECON, LAW Ankaufsermächtigung f
    to give sb \authority to do sth jdn [dazu] befugen, etw zu tun; (to act on one's behalf) jdn [dazu] bevollmächtigen, etw zu tun
    to have the \authority to do sth befugt sein, etw zu tun; (to act on sb's behalf) bevollmächtigt sein, etw zu tun
    by \authority ADMIN, LAW mit [amtlicher] Genehmigung
    on the \authority of sb im Auftrag [o mit Genehmigung] einer Person
    on one's own \authority in eigener Verantwortung
    without \authority unbefugt
    to act without \authority unbefugt handeln
    to act without [or to exceed one's] \authority seine Befugnisse überschreiten
    3. no pl (strength of personality) Autorität f
    to have \authority over/with sb [große] Autorität bei jdm genießen [o besitzen]
    he's got no \authority over his students er besitzt [o genießt] bei seinen Studenten keine Autorität
    4. no pl (knowledge) Sachverstand m, Kompetenz f
    to speak with \authority on sth sich akk [sehr] kompetent zu etw dat äußern
    5. (expert) Autorität f, Kapazität f, Experte, Expertin m, f
    world \authority international anerkannte Autorität
    to be an \authority for/on sth ein Experte/eine Expertin für etw akk sein
    to be an \authority on microbiology eine Autorität [o Kapazität] auf dem Gebiet der Mikrobiologie sein
    6. (organization) Behörde f, Amt nt
    education \authority Schulamt nt
    health \authority Gesundheitsbehörde f
    7. (bodies having power)
    ▪ the authorities pl die Behörden pl
    local authorities Kommunalbehörden pl
    to report sb/sth to the authorities jdn/etw den Behörden melden
    8. no pl (source) Quelle
    I have it on my bosses \authority that... ich weiß von meinem Chef, dass...
    to have sth on good \authority etw aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen
    I have it on good \authority that... ich weiß aus zuverlässiger Quelle, dass...
    9. LAW
    legal \authority (statement) Rechtsmeinung f; (judgement) Präzedenzentscheidung f
    10. LAW
    [level of] \authority Instanz f
    proper \authority zuständige Instanz
    * * *
    [ɔː'ɵɒrItɪ]
    n
    1) (= power) Autorität f; (= right, entitlement) Befugnis f; (= specifically delegated power) Vollmacht f; (MIL) Befehlsgewalt f

    people who are in authority — Menschen, die Autorität haben

    parental authority — Autorität der Eltern; (Jur) elterliche Gewalt

    to put sb in authority over sb —

    those who are put in authority over us the Queen and those in authority under her — diejenigen, deren Aufsicht wir unterstehen die Königin und die ihr untergebenen Verantwortlichen

    to be under the authority of sb — unter jds Aufsicht (dat) stehen; (in hierarchy) jdm unterstehen; (Mil) jds Befehlsgewalt (dat) unterstehen

    you'll have to ask a teacher for the authority to take the key —

    under or by what authority do you claim the right to...? — mit welcher Berechtigung verlangen Sie, dass...?

    to have the authority to do sth — berechtigt or befugt sein, etw zu tun

    to have no authority to do sth — nicht befugt or berechtigt sein, etw zu tun

    he was exceeding his area of authority — er hat seinen Kompetenzbereich or seine Befugnisse überschritten

    to give sb the authority to do sth — jdn ermächtigen (form) or jdm die Vollmacht erteilen, etw zu tun

    he had my authority to do it — ich habe es ihm gestattet or erlaubt

    who gave you the authority to do that? —

    2) (also pl = ruling body) Behörde f, Amt nt; (= body of people) Verwaltung f; (= power of ruler) (Staats)gewalt f, Obrigkeit f

    the Prussian respect for authority —

    they appealed to the supreme authority of the House of Lords — sie wandten sich an die höchste Autorität or Instanz, das Oberhaus

    this will have to be decided by a higher authority — das muss an höherer Stelle entschieden werden

    3) (= weight, influence) Autorität f

    to have or carry ( great) authority — viel gelten (with bei); (person also) (große or viel) Autorität haben (with bei)

    to speak/write with authority — mit Sachkunde or mit der Autorität des Sachkundigen sprechen/schreiben

    I/he can speak with authority on this matter — darüber kann ich mich/kann er sich kompetent äußern

    to give an order with authority —

    4) (= expert) Autorität f, Fachmann m/-frau f

    I'm no authority but... —

    5) (= definitive book etc) (anerkannte) Autorität f; (= source) Quelle f

    to have sth on good authority —

    * * *
    authority [ɔːˈθɒrətı; US əˈθɑr-] s
    1. Autorität f, (Amts)Gewalt f:
    in authority verantwortlich;
    those in authority die Verantwortlichen;
    a) verantwortlich sein,
    b) das Sagen haben;
    on one’s own authority in eigener Verantwortung;
    be under sb’s authority jemandem verantwortlich sein
    2. Autorität f, Ansehen n ( with bei), Einfluss m ( over auf akk): → carry B 6
    3. Nachdruck m, Gewicht n:
    add authority to einer Geschichte etc Nachdruck oder Gewicht verleihen
    4. Vollmacht f, Ermächtigung f, Befugnis f:
    by authority mit amtlicher Genehmigung;
    on the authority of im Auftrage oder mit Genehmigung (gen);
    without authority unbefugt, unberechtigt;
    have the (no) authority to do sth (nicht) befugt oder berechtigt sein, etwas zu tun;
    have full authority to act volle Handlungsvollmacht besitzen;
    authority to sign Unterschriftsvollmacht, Zeichnungsberechtigung f
    5. Behörde f
    6. a) Quelle f
    b) Grundlage f ( for für):
    what is your authority for your thesis? worauf stützen Sie Ihre These?;
    we have it on his authority that … wir wissen durch ihn, dass …;
    I have it on good authority that … ich weiß aus sicherer oder verlässlicher Quelle, dass …
    7. Autorität f, Kapazität f (on auf dem Gebiet gen)
    8. JUR
    a) maßgebliche Gerichtsentscheidung
    b) Rechtsquelle f
    auth. abk
    2. author (authoress)
    * * *
    noun
    1) no pl. (power) Autorität, die; (delegated power) Befugnis, die

    have the/no authority to do something — berechtigt od. befugt/nicht befugt sein, etwas zu tun

    have/exercise authority over somebody — Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    [be] in authority — verantwortlich [sein]

    the authorities — die Behörde[n]

    3) (expert, book, quotation) Autorität, die

    have it on the authority of somebody/something that... — durch jemanden/etwas wissen, dass...

    have it on good authority that... — aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen, dass...

    4) no pl.

    give or add authority to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Gewicht verleihen

    5) no pl. (masterfulness) Souveränität, die
    * * *
    n.
    Autorität f.
    Berechtigung f.
    Kompetenz f.
    Legitimation f.

    English-german dictionary > authority

  • 2 apropiado

    adj.
    1 appropriate, convenient, apt, fit.
    2 appropriate, correct.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: apropiar.
    * * *
    1→ link=apropiar apropiar
    1 suitable, fitting, appropriate
    * * *
    (f. - apropiada)
    adj.
    appropriate, suitable
    * * *
    suitable ( para for)
    * * *
    - da adjetivo suitable
    * * *
    = apposite, appropriate, apt, convenient, felicitous, fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], proper, right, fitting, fertile, commensurate, rightful, seemly, accommodating, timely, beffiting.
    Ex. All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex. By building upon a more apt conceptual framework the transfer of information technology can play a role, albeit limited, in the development process.
    Ex. The most convenient manual format for recording terms is to write each term on a card.
    Ex. This is hardly a felicitous solution to be followed in other similar cases.
    Ex. That was considered to be a fit matter to be relegated to the machines.
    Ex. With proper authorization, you may request information about the status of the copies displayed.
    Ex. The last figure I saw was 828, but you're in the right realm.
    Ex. Since libraries are the lifeblood of research, it seems only fitting then that the education of librarians should include familiarity with research methodology.
    Ex. There is no doubt that these reforms have produced a fertile climate for the development of better information for patients.
    Ex. For their indifference, they were rewarded with personnel evaluations which reflected an imaginatively fabricated version of the truth, but which did afford the requisite ego boost and commensurate pay increase.
    Ex. Use of a library is a minority event since only a small segment of rightful users of a library really makes use of it.
    Ex. They were the first cloth bindings that were intended to compete with paper boards as seemly but inexpensive covers for ordinary books.
    Ex. Monitors tuned to television news may have to be located in areas that are less than accommodating to the large numbers of users who want to know the fast-breaking events which affect us all.
    Ex. I am not very good at fortune telling but I suspect it may be timely for people to communicate briefly on strategy and options with him.
    Ex. Since I write in English I should really refer to the city as Florence, but Firenze is such a phonically beautiful sounding word, far more befitting of the beautiful Italian city.
    ----
    * apropiado para = well suited to/for.
    * considerar apropiado = consider + appropriate.
    * de forma apropiada = fitly, appropriately.
    * de modo apropiado = appropriately.
    * de un modo apropiado = fitly.
    * lo apropiado = appropriateness.
    * momento apropiado para el aprendizaje, el = teachable moment, the.
    * no muy apropiado = wide of the mark.
    * poco apropiado = unsuited, unsuitable, inapt.
    * ser apropiado = be right.
    * vestimenta apropiada para la lluvia = raingear.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo suitable
    * * *
    = apposite, appropriate, apt, convenient, felicitous, fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], proper, right, fitting, fertile, commensurate, rightful, seemly, accommodating, timely, beffiting.

    Ex: All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.

    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex: By building upon a more apt conceptual framework the transfer of information technology can play a role, albeit limited, in the development process.
    Ex: The most convenient manual format for recording terms is to write each term on a card.
    Ex: This is hardly a felicitous solution to be followed in other similar cases.
    Ex: That was considered to be a fit matter to be relegated to the machines.
    Ex: With proper authorization, you may request information about the status of the copies displayed.
    Ex: The last figure I saw was 828, but you're in the right realm.
    Ex: Since libraries are the lifeblood of research, it seems only fitting then that the education of librarians should include familiarity with research methodology.
    Ex: There is no doubt that these reforms have produced a fertile climate for the development of better information for patients.
    Ex: For their indifference, they were rewarded with personnel evaluations which reflected an imaginatively fabricated version of the truth, but which did afford the requisite ego boost and commensurate pay increase.
    Ex: Use of a library is a minority event since only a small segment of rightful users of a library really makes use of it.
    Ex: They were the first cloth bindings that were intended to compete with paper boards as seemly but inexpensive covers for ordinary books.
    Ex: Monitors tuned to television news may have to be located in areas that are less than accommodating to the large numbers of users who want to know the fast-breaking events which affect us all.
    Ex: I am not very good at fortune telling but I suspect it may be timely for people to communicate briefly on strategy and options with him.
    Ex: Since I write in English I should really refer to the city as Florence, but Firenze is such a phonically beautiful sounding word, far more befitting of the beautiful Italian city.
    * apropiado para = well suited to/for.
    * considerar apropiado = consider + appropriate.
    * de forma apropiada = fitly, appropriately.
    * de modo apropiado = appropriately.
    * de un modo apropiado = fitly.
    * lo apropiado = appropriateness.
    * momento apropiado para el aprendizaje, el = teachable moment, the.
    * no muy apropiado = wide of the mark.
    * poco apropiado = unsuited, unsuitable, inapt.
    * ser apropiado = be right.
    * vestimenta apropiada para la lluvia = raingear.

    * * *
    suitable
    llevaba un vestido muy poco apropiado para una boda the dress she was wearing was very inappropriate o unsuitable for a wedding
    el discurso fue muy apropiado a la ocasión the speech was very fitting for the occasion
    la persona apropiada para el cargo the right person o a suitable person for the job
    este libro no es apropiado para tu edad this book is unsuitable for someone of your age
    ¡podrías haber elegido un momento más apropiado! you could have chosen a better o ( frml) more appropriate time
    * * *

     

    Del verbo apropiar: ( conjugate apropiar)

    apropiado es:

    el participio

    apropiado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    suitable;
    el discurso fue muy apropiado a la ocasión the speech was very fitting for the occasion;
    no era el momento apropiado it wasn't the right moment
    apropiado,-a adjetivo suitable, appropriate

    ' apropiado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apropiada
    - digna
    - digno
    - vestir
    - adecuado
    - debido
    - recomendado
    English:
    appropriate
    - apt
    - becoming
    - dishwasherproof
    - fitting
    - happy
    - inappropriate
    - right
    - suit
    - suitability
    - suitable
    - suited
    - become
    - proper
    - unsuitable
    - where
    * * *
    apropiado, -a adj
    suitable, appropriate;
    su comportamiento no fue muy apropiado his behaviour was rather inappropriate;
    estos zapatos no son apropiados para la playa these shoes aren't very suitable for the beach;
    no es la persona apropiada para el puesto he's not the right person for the job
    * * *
    adj appropriate, suitable
    * * *
    apropiado, -da adj
    : appropriate, proper, suitable
    * * *
    apropiado adj appropriate / suitable

    Spanish-English dictionary > apropiado

  • 3 oportuno

    adj.
    1 opportune, heaven-sent, expedient, timely.
    Una oferta oportuna A seasonable offer.
    2 opportune, felicitous.
    * * *
    1 (a tiempo) opportune, timely
    2 (conveniente) appropriate
    3 (ingenioso) witty, sharp
    * * *
    (f. - oportuna)
    adj.
    opportune, timely
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [ocasión] opportune

    en el momento oportuno — at an opportune moment, at the right moment

    su llamada no pudo ser más oportuna — his call could not have come at a better moment, his call could not have been better timed

    2) (=pertinente) appropriate
    3) [persona]

    ¡ella siempre tan oportuna! — iró you can always rely on her!

    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    a) <visita/lluvia> timely, opportune
    b) ( conveniente) appropriate
    c) < respuesta> appropriate

    tú siempre tan oportuno! — (iró) you can always be relied upon to put your foot in it

    * * *
    = adequate, apposite, appropriate, felicitous, timely, salutary, salutary, opportune, expedient.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. There must be provision for changes necessary to keep the coverage of subjects adequate for new literature.
    Ex. All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex. This is hardly a felicitous solution to be followed in other similar cases.
    Ex. The State, as producer, is deficient in producing sufficient copies to meet demand, ensuring timely distribution, and providing efficient bibliographic control.
    Ex. It came as rather a rebuff, but none the less a salutary one, to learn of the decision not to include libraries.
    Ex. It came as rather a rebuff, but none the less a salutary one, to learn of the decision not to include libraries.
    Ex. At this point it is opportune to attempt to distinguish briefly between the cataloguer's sort of database, in essence a computer-based file of bibliographic records, and the computer professional's, which is a much more general collection of data.
    Ex. It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    ----
    * considerar oportuno = consider + appropriate.
    * el + Nombre + correcto al + Nombre + adecuado en el momento oportuno = the right + Nombre + to the right + Nombre + at the right time.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * lo oportuno = timeliness.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    a) <visita/lluvia> timely, opportune
    b) ( conveniente) appropriate
    c) < respuesta> appropriate

    tú siempre tan oportuno! — (iró) you can always be relied upon to put your foot in it

    * * *
    = adequate, apposite, appropriate, felicitous, timely, salutary, salutary, opportune, expedient.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: There must be provision for changes necessary to keep the coverage of subjects adequate for new literature.

    Ex: All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.
    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex: This is hardly a felicitous solution to be followed in other similar cases.
    Ex: The State, as producer, is deficient in producing sufficient copies to meet demand, ensuring timely distribution, and providing efficient bibliographic control.
    Ex: It came as rather a rebuff, but none the less a salutary one, to learn of the decision not to include libraries.
    Ex: It came as rather a rebuff, but none the less a salutary one, to learn of the decision not to include libraries.
    Ex: At this point it is opportune to attempt to distinguish briefly between the cataloguer's sort of database, in essence a computer-based file of bibliographic records, and the computer professional's, which is a much more general collection of data.
    Ex: It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    * considerar oportuno = consider + appropriate.
    * el + Nombre + correcto al + Nombre + adecuado en el momento oportuno = the right + Nombre + to the right + Nombre + at the right time.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * lo oportuno = timeliness.

    * * *
    1 ‹momento/visita/lluvia› timely, opportune
    llegó en el momento oportuno she arrived at just the right moment o at a very opportune moment
    2 (indicado, conveniente) appropriate
    se tomarán las medidas que se estimen or consideren oportunas appropriate measures will be taken
    señaló que se llevarían a cabo las investigaciones oportunas she indicated that the appropriate o necessary investigation would be carried out
    sería oportuno avisarle we ought to inform her
    3 ‹respuesta› appropriate
    estuvo muy oportuno en el debate what he said in the debate was very much to the point
    ¡vaya, hombre, tú siempre tan oportuno! ( iró); you can always be relied upon to show up at the wrong time/to put your foot in it
    * * *

     

    oportuno
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    a) ‹visita/lluvia› timely, opportune;


    b) ‹medida/respuesta› appropriate;


    estuvo muy oportuno what he said was very much to the point
    oportuno,-a adjetivo
    1 (momento, acción) timely
    un gol muy oportuno, a timely goal
    2 (persona, comentario, medidas) appropriate: no creo que sea oportuno llamarle, I don't think it is appropriate to phone him
    irón ¡tú siempre tan oportuno!, trust you to say something tactless!
    ' oportuno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cielo
    - oportuna
    - pertinente
    - ocasión
    - oportunidad
    - providencial
    - tiempo
    English:
    acceptable
    - appropriate
    - apt
    - convenient
    - expedient
    - good
    - happy
    - inopportune
    - opportune
    - pop up
    - right
    - ripe
    - timely
    - timing
    - well
    - bide
    - wrong
    * * *
    oportuno, -a adj
    1. [pertinente] appropriate;
    me pareció oportuno callarme I thought it best to say nothing
    2. [propicio] timely, opportune;
    el momento oportuno the right time;
    en el momento menos oportuno at the very worst time o moment;
    su llegada fue muy oportuna she arrived at an opportune moment;
    se lo diré cuando sea oportuno I'll tell him in due course o when the time is right;
    Irónico
    ¡ella siempre tan oportuna! she really chooses her moments
    3. [agudo] sharp, acute;
    has estado muy oportuno al contestarle así it was very sharp of you to answer him like that
    * * *
    adj
    1 timely; momento opportune
    2 respuesta, medida suitable, appropriate
    * * *
    oportuno, -na adj
    1) : opportune, timely
    2) : suitable, appropriate
    * * *
    1. (en buena hora) timely
    2. (conveniente) appropriate

    Spanish-English dictionary > oportuno

  • 4 pertinente

    adj.
    1 appropriate (adecuado).
    se tomarán las medidas pertinentes the appropriate measures will be taken
    si lo consideras pertinente, llámale telephone him if you think it's necessary
    2 relevant, pertinent (relativo).
    ya he enviado todos los documentos pertinentes a la beca I have already sent off all the forms relating to the grant
    * * *
    1 (oportuno) appropriate
    2 (relevante) pertinent, relevant
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=relevante) relevant, pertinent; (=adecuado) appropriate
    2)

    en lo pertinente a libros — as regards books, as far as books are concerned

    * * *
    a) (oportuno, adecuado) < medida> appropriate

    es pertinente recordar que... — one should bear in mind that...

    b) ( relevante) <observación/comentario> relevant, pertinent
    * * *
    = apposite, appropriate, pertinent, relevant, responsive, apropos, need oriented, germane, fit for purpose.
    Ex. All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex. An organisation engaged in the preparation of abstracts for some information tool cannot realistically hope to compile an abstract for every document that is pertinent to the topic that aims to cover.
    Ex. Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex. This catalog would then present a much more revealing, helpful, and responsive picture to the actual needs of the library user than the finding catalog.
    Ex. The beauty the low-brow reader finds in an apropos use of a familiar expression may be as satisfying to him as the high-brow's appreciation of Proustian style.
    Ex. Based on findings, some important observations relating to the functioning of the library were made to make its services more need oriented.
    Ex. The bibliography lists documents expressly recommended to the researchers in this area and documents of interest which are not specifically germane.
    Ex. Commercial pressures are placing demands on the designer to provide solutions which are fit for purpose for all user groups.
    ----
    * con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].
    * considerar pertinente = consider + appropriate.
    * cuando sea pertinente = where applicable, where appropriate.
    * documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.
    * hacer que algo sea pertinente a las necesidades de algo o Alguien = make + Nombre + relevant to.
    * muy pertinente para = central to.
    * pertinente a la recuperación = retrieval-related.
    * pertinente a las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * resultar pertinente = prove + relevant.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * ser pertinente = apply, be in order, commend + Reflexivo + for + situation, be to the point.
    * si fuera pertinente = if applicable.
    * si fuese pertinente = if applicable.
    * * *
    a) (oportuno, adecuado) < medida> appropriate

    es pertinente recordar que... — one should bear in mind that...

    b) ( relevante) <observación/comentario> relevant, pertinent
    * * *
    = apposite, appropriate, pertinent, relevant, responsive, apropos, need oriented, germane, fit for purpose.

    Ex: All terms may be included, and placed in the most apposite position in the hierarchy of the subject = Pueden incluirse todos los términos y colocarse en la posición más apropiada en la jerarquía de la materia.

    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work.
    Ex: An organisation engaged in the preparation of abstracts for some information tool cannot realistically hope to compile an abstract for every document that is pertinent to the topic that aims to cover.
    Ex: Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex: This catalog would then present a much more revealing, helpful, and responsive picture to the actual needs of the library user than the finding catalog.
    Ex: The beauty the low-brow reader finds in an apropos use of a familiar expression may be as satisfying to him as the high-brow's appreciation of Proustian style.
    Ex: Based on findings, some important observations relating to the functioning of the library were made to make its services more need oriented.
    Ex: The bibliography lists documents expressly recommended to the researchers in this area and documents of interest which are not specifically germane.
    Ex: Commercial pressures are placing demands on the designer to provide solutions which are fit for purpose for all user groups.
    * con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].
    * considerar pertinente = consider + appropriate.
    * cuando sea pertinente = where applicable, where appropriate.
    * documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.
    * hacer que algo sea pertinente a las necesidades de algo o Alguien = make + Nombre + relevant to.
    * muy pertinente para = central to.
    * pertinente a la recuperación = retrieval-related.
    * pertinente a las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * resultar pertinente = prove + relevant.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * ser pertinente = apply, be in order, commend + Reflexivo + for + situation, be to the point.
    * si fuera pertinente = if applicable.
    * si fuese pertinente = if applicable.

    * * *
    1 (oportuno, adecuado) appropriate
    considero pertinente señalar que … I consider it pertinent o appropriate to point out that …
    es pertinente recordar que … it is worth remembering that …, one should bear in mind that …
    las medidas pertinentes the appropriate measures
    2 (relevante) relevant, pertinent
    considero que su observación no es pertinente I do not consider his remark to be pertinent o relevant, I consider his remark irrelevant
    * * *

     

    pertinente adjetivo
    a) (oportuno, adecuado) ‹ medida› appropriate

    b) ( relevante) ‹observación/comentario› relevant, pertinent

    pertinente adjetivo
    1 (relevante) pertinent, relevant
    2 (adecuado, oportuno) appropriate
    ' pertinente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    proceder
    - procedente
    - correspondiente
    English:
    applicable
    - apply
    - apt
    - irrelevant
    - pertinent
    - relevant
    - see
    * * *
    1. [adecuado] appropriate;
    se tomarán las medidas pertinentes the appropriate measures will be taken;
    si lo consideras pertinente, llámale telephone him if you think it's necessary
    2. [relativo] relevant, pertinent;
    ya he enviado todos los documentos pertinentes a la beca I have already sent off all the forms relating to the grant
    * * *
    adj relevant, pertinent
    * * *
    1. (oportuno) appropriate
    2. (relevante) relevant

    Spanish-English dictionary > pertinente

  • 5 Common Structure Services

    The mechanism in Team Foundation for describing a feature hierarchy.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > Common Structure Services

  • 6 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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